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When
we look at the sky at night, we get the impression that the Earth
is surrounded by an enormous sphere filled with scores of stars. Although
this celestial sphere seems to be revolving slowly around us all the
stars always appear in the same configurations called constellations,
at the same fixed positions on the celestial sphere. However, there
are also other celestial objects, which seem to be "traveling" across
the celestial sphere. The moon is one of them, but there are also
five planets that can be observed with the naked eye. These planets
are Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. Of course, although
invisible at night, the sun is also moving across the sky. The
planets, including the moon and sun, were in old times called traveling
stars, but today we simply call them the seven planets of antiquity.
It appears to an Earth-based observer that in the course of one year,
the sun completes a full revolution around a large circle on the celestial
sphere. This circle is called the ecliptic orbit. The planets and
the moon are always found on the sky within a narrow belt, 180 wide,
centered on the ecliptic, called the zodiac. The area around it is
called the zodiacal belt. The zodiacal belt is a celestial highway
where the movement of all the planets, the sun and the moon takes
place when observed from the Earth. Twelve zodiac constellations are
placed along the ecliptic path traveling the zodiac belt. Their names
are
Aries,
Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius,
Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.
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